Impembelelo yeIimfazwe zehlabathikuqoqosho lwehlabathi ngumxholo wophononongo olubanzi kunye neengxoxo phakathi kwababhali bembali kunye neengcali zoqoqosho ngokufanayo. Iimfazwe ezimbini ezinkulu zenkulungwane yama-20—iMfazwe Yehlabathi I neMfazwe Yehlabathi II—azixonxanga nje kuphela imeko yezobupolitika yamazwe kodwa kwanenkqubo yezoqoqosho elawula unxulumano lwezizwe ngezizwe namhlanje. Ukuqonda le mpembelelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni imeko yangoku yoqoqosho lwehlabathi. IMfazwe Yehlabathi I (1914-1918) yaphawula utshintsho oluphawulekayo kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Imfazwe yakhokelela ekuwohlokeni kobukhosi, kuquka uBukhosi baseAustro-Hungarian noBukhosi baseOttoman, nto leyo eyaphumela ekuveleni kwezizwe ezintsha. ISivumelwano saseVersailles ngowe-1919 samisela imbuyekezo enzima eJamani, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekungazinzini kwezoqoqosho kwiRiphabliki yaseWeimar.
Oku kungazinzi kube negalelo ekunyukeni kwamandla emali kwi-hyperinflation ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1920, nto leyo eyaba neziphumo ezibi kwiYurophu nakwihlabathi liphela. IezoqoqoshoIzidubedube zexesha leemfazwe zabeka inqanaba lokuDodobala Okukhulu, okwaqala ngowe-1929 kwaza kwaba nemiphumo emibi kurhwebo nengqesho yehlabathi. Imiphumo yezoqoqosho yeMfazwe Yehlabathi I nayo yabangela utshintsho oluphawulekayo kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso nakwiimarike zabasebenzi. Amazwe awayekade exhomekeke kwezolimo aqalisa ukuba nemizi-mveliso ngokukhawuleza ukuze ahlangabezane neemfuno zexesha lemfazwe. Olu tshintsho alutshintshanga nje kuphela uqoqosho kodwa lutshintshe neziseko zentlalo, njengoko abafazi bangena emsebenzini ngamanani angazange abonwe ngaphambili. Imfazwe yabangela ukuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe, ngakumbi kwimveliso kunye nezothutho, eza kuthi kamva zidlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuvuseleleni uqoqosho lwenkulungwane yama-20. IMfazwe Yehlabathi II (1939-1945) yaziqinisa ngakumbi ezi nguqulelo kwezoqoqosho. Umzamo wemfazwe wawufuna ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu kwemithombo yobutyebi, okukhokelela kubuchule obutsha bobuchule bokuvelisa kunye nokusekwa koqoqosho lwexesha lemfazwe.
I-United States yavela njengendlu yamandla ezoqoqosho kwihlabathi, yonyuse imveliso yayo yeshishini kakhulu ukuxhasa imikhosi eManyeneyo. Ixesha lasemva kwemfazwe yabona ukuphunyezwa kweMarshall Plan, eyabonelela ngoncedo lwemali ukuze kwakhiwe ngokutsha uqoqosho lwaseYurophu. Eli phulo alizange libe luncedo nje ekuzinziseni amazwe adlakazwe yimfazwe kodwa lakhuthaza intsebenziswano kwezoqoqosho nomanyano, libeka isiseko seManyano yaseYurophu. INkomfa yaseBretton Woods ngowe-1944 yaseka inkqubo entsha yemali yamazwe ngamazwe, idala amaziko afana neNgxowa-mali yeMali yamazwe ngamazwe (IMF) kunye neBhanki yehlabathi. La maziko ajolise ekukhuthazeni uzinzo kuqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye nokuthintela uhlobo lweentlekele zezoqoqosho ebezithwaxa iminyaka ephakathi kwemfazwe. Ukusekwa kwamazinga otshintshiselwano oluzinzileyo kunye nedola yaseMelika njengeyona mali ingundoqo yovimba wehlabathi iququzelele urhwebo notyalo-mali lwamazwe ngamazwe, idibanisa ngakumbi uqoqosho lwehlabathi.
Impembelelo yeeMfazwe zehlabathi kwimigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho isenokubonakala nanamhlanje. Izifundo ezifunyenweyo kwiingxaki zoqoqosho ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 ziye zayila iindlela zale mihla zomgaqo-nkqubo wemali neyemali. Oorhulumente ngoku babeka phambili uzinzo lwezoqoqosho kunye nokukhula, bahlala besebenzisa imilinganiselo echasene nomjikelo ukunciphisa iziphumo zokudodobala koqoqosho. Ngaphezu koko, i-geopolitical landscape eyilwe yiMfazwe Yehlabathi iyaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kubudlelwane bezoqoqosho. Ukunyuka koqoqosho olusahlumayo, ngakumbi e-Asiya, kutshintshe ukulingana kwamandla kurhwebo lwehlabathi. Amazwe afana neTshayina kunye ne-Indiya aba ngabadlali ababalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwehlabathi, ecela umngeni kulawulo lwezizwe zaseNtshona ezathi zavela zaphumelela kwiiMfazwe zehlabathi.
Ukuqukumbela, impembelelo yeeMfazwe zeHlabathi kuqoqosho lwehlabathi inzulu kwaye inamacala amaninzi. Ukususela ekuwohlokeni kobukhosi nokuvela kwezizwe ezitsha ukuya ekusekweni kwamaziko emali kumazwe ngamazwe, ezi ngxabano zishiye uphawu olungacimekiyo kulwakhiwo nemigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho. Njengoko ihlabathi liqhubeka nokujonga imingeni yezoqoqosho entsonkothileyo, ukuqonda lo mxholo wembali kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukukhula okuzinzileyo kunye nentsebenziswano kuqoqosho oluthungelanayo lwehlabathi.
Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-08-2024